Navigation

TFDB

Very High Frequency Omni-directional Range (VOR)

AIM 1-1-8 Service Volumes

• Terminal (T)
• Low (L)
• High (H)
• Very Low (VL)
• Very High (VH)

Non-directional Beacon (NDB)

Automatic Direction Finding (ADF)

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)

Global Positioning System (GPS)

• 3 satellites – 2D position lat, long
• 4 satellites – 3D position lat, long, alt
• 4+1 satellites – RAIM
• 5+1 satellites – RAIM + FDE

Receiver Autonomous Monitoring System (RAIM)

• 4+1 satellites

Fault Detection and Exclusion (FDE)

• 5+1 satellites

Area Navigation (RNAV)

• GPS points (including charted points)

Satellite-Based Augmentation Systems (SBAS)

Satellite

Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS)

Ground stations

Performance standards required for RNAV navigation